JJ Helfert

In 1947 and 1961, there were g roups of white and black civil rights activists who took part in freedom rides. The Freedom rides were bus rides throughout the American south in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. The Civil rights activists tested the Supreme Court's decision. The freedom rides were organized by the Congress of Racial Equality otherwise known as CORE. In 1947 there was an action in which African American and white bus riders tested the 1946 Supreme Court decision in Morgan V. Virginia. This case found that segregated bus seating was unconstitutional. 1961 freedom rides tested the 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in the case Boynton V. Virginia that segregation of interstate transportation facilities was unconstitutional as well. The 1947 and 1961 action were different because women were included in the 1961 freedom rides. In both actions black riders traveled to the south and used restrooms, waiting rooms, and lunch counters that were for whites-only. The gr...

It seems that the legislature has a very vital and significant part in helping to break down the constitution and this idea has been around for a long time. With the ideas of Judicial review and the overall idea of departmentalism, based on the Jeffersonian idea, that only the Supreme quote can explain. "This transfer of ideas between legislature-made law and court-made law illustrates what legal scholar Robert Post has described as the "porous membrane dividing constitutional law from constitutional culture.""

Alabama is the most segregated state. In this era, Martin Luther King Jr. was the voice of Civil Rights. At this point, the south was still segregated. People believed if we give our lives towards segregation because if we do we are taking more of a risk which is also a higher chance of getting rid of segregation. Martin Luther King Jr. trained people to non-violence and because of this, King was arrested. Bayard Rustin, A. Phillip Randolph, and Medgar Evers were crucial leaders during this period. During this time period, Franklin D. Roosevelt was president. Not long after, John F. Kennedy was elected. Leaders were putting together the march on Washington. Kennedy met with Martin Luther King Jr. and revealed that he had lots of pressure on him because the FBI thought those participating in the march were communist. As you can see, a lot of different leaders had important roles and contributions to this big march. White people originally thought the march was gonna be a riot because ...

On August 14th, 1996, there was a very significant rally in Rolly, North Carolina. This rally was a show of support for klan leaders. The future of the KKK was on the line during this time. Bob Jones was the Grand Dragon of the KKK. He grew the klan from some friends to over about 10,000 members. He struggled to make a decent living. People may have thought of him as white trash and that could have made him so racially aggressive. He never really admitted being racist, however, most people thought that was likely. As a result of that, the klan became extremely violent towards freed slaves. Overtime, 4 million Americans claimed klan membership. In the 1930s, p ower struggles had ripped apart the klan. However, the klan rose once again in the 1950s. People felt invaded because they thought black people were gonna take their rights. Once Bob Jones became the Grand Dragon, he started recruiting members from everywhere. North Carolina was willing to change and gradually change with race rel...

  To start, a clear fact must be stated: Religion and community are inseparable in the South. Any mention of religion must be tied to the southern culture and community. The South was originally settled on and controlled by Anglicans, whose ritualistic high church had little appeal to the ordinary men and women, both white and black. In response, the Baptist Church and Methodist Church started to accommodate average southerners. These religious communities enforced new standards, which created a new male leadership role that followed Christian principles. Blacks in the south have started up their own churches which are separate but equal to white churches. I predict that our great nation will still have vibrant black churches in the decades to come. These churches will remain separate and will certainly be equal. Furthermore, the southern attendance rates on a typical Sunday are very high for both of the races. These religious gatherings act as a place for communities to come to...

A dissenting opinion is an opinion in a legal case in certain legal systems written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment. Justice Harlan, in the Plessy V. Ferguson case of 1896, had a dissenting opinion of his own. His dissenting opinion was favoring the losing side of the argument.  He wrote out on the losing side of the argument to possibly shed greater light on the winning side of the argument. Rather than keeping it to himself, I believe he wanted to inform the people of the losing side in addition to the winning side. He does make a good argument for the losing side. People in 1896 would react to this much differently than if people reacted to it in 2020. Over 100 decades later, the world has changed significantly and the way people think about things is much different compared to how individuals thought back in 1896.  We got from there to here because of the changes in the law. The change in...